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命令

Python 命令模式讲解和代码示例

命令是一种行为设计模式 它可将请求或简单操作转换为一个对象

此类转换让你能够延迟进行或远程执行请求 还可将其放入队列中

复杂度

流行度

使用示例 命令模式在 Python 代码中很常见 大部分情况下 它被用于代替包含行为的参数化 UI 元素的回调函数 此外还被用于对任务进行排序和记录操作历史记录等

识别方法 命令模式可以通过抽象或接口类型 发送者 中的行为方法来识别 该类型调用另一个不同的抽象或接口类型 接收者 实现中的方法 该实现则是在创建时由命令模式的实现封装 命令类通常仅限于一些特殊行为

概念示例

本例说明了命令设计模式的结构并重点回答了下面的问题

  • 它由哪些类组成
  • 这些类扮演了哪些角色
  • 模式中的各个元素会以何种方式相互关联

main.py: 概念示例

from __future__ import annotations
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod


class Command(ABC):
    """
    The Command interface declares a method for executing a command.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def execute(self) -> None:
        pass


class SimpleCommand(Command):
    """
    Some commands can implement simple operations on their own.
    """

    def __init__(self, payload: str) -> None:
        self._payload = payload

    def execute(self) -> None:
        print(f"SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing"
              f"({self._payload})")


class ComplexCommand(Command):
    """
    However, some commands can delegate more complex operations to other
    objects, called "receivers."
    """

    def __init__(self, receiver: Receiver, a: str, b: str) -> None:
        """
        Complex commands can accept one or several receiver objects along with
        any context data via the constructor.
        """

        self._receiver = receiver
        self._a = a
        self._b = b

    def execute(self) -> None:
        """
        Commands can delegate to any methods of a receiver.
        """

        print("ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object", end="")
        self._receiver.do_something(self._a)
        self._receiver.do_something_else(self._b)


class Receiver:
    """
    The Receiver classes contain some important business logic. They know how to
    perform all kinds of operations, associated with carrying out a request. In
    fact, any class may serve as a Receiver.
    """

    def do_something(self, a: str) -> None:
        print(f"\nReceiver: Working on ({a}.)", end="")

    def do_something_else(self, b: str) -> None:
        print(f"\nReceiver: Also working on ({b}.)", end="")


class Invoker:
    """
    The Invoker is associated with one or several commands. It sends a request
    to the command.
    """

    _on_start = None
    _on_finish = None

    """
    Initialize commands.
    """

    def set_on_start(self, command: Command):
        self._on_start = command

    def set_on_finish(self, command: Command):
        self._on_finish = command

    def do_something_important(self) -> None:
        """
        The Invoker does not depend on concrete command or receiver classes. The
        Invoker passes a request to a receiver indirectly, by executing a
        command.
        """

        print("Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?")
        if isinstance(self._on_start, Command):
            self._on_start.execute()

        print("Invoker: ...doing something really important...")

        print("Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?")
        if isinstance(self._on_finish, Command):
            self._on_finish.execute()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    """
    The client code can parameterize an invoker with any commands.
    """

    invoker = Invoker()
    invoker.set_on_start(SimpleCommand("Say Hi!"))
    receiver = Receiver()
    invoker.set_on_finish(ComplexCommand(
        receiver, "Send email", "Save report"))

    invoker.do_something_important()

Output.txt: 执行结果

Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?
SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (Say Hi!)
Invoker: ...doing something really important...
Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?
ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object
Receiver: Working on (Send email.)
Receiver: Also working on (Save report.)

命令在其他编程语言中的实现

C# 命令模式讲解和代码示例 C++ 命令模式讲解和代码示例 Go 命令模式讲解和代码示例 Java 命令模式讲解和代码示例 PHP 命令模式讲解和代码示例 Ruby 命令模式讲解和代码示例 Rust 命令模式讲解和代码示例 Swift 命令模式讲解和代码示例 TypeScript 命令模式讲解和代码示例