C++ 抽象工厂模式讲解和代码示例
抽象工厂是一种创建型设计模式， 它能创建一系列相关的对象， 而无需指定其具体类。
抽象工厂定义了用于创建不同产品的接口， 但将实际的创建工作留给了具体工厂类。 每个工厂类型都对应一个特定的产品变体。
在创建产品时， 客户端代码调用的是工厂对象的构建方法， 而不是直接调用构造函数 （ new操作符）。 由于一个工厂对应一种产品变体， 因此它创建的所有产品都可相互兼容。
客户端代码仅通过其抽象接口与工厂和产品进行交互。 该接口允许同一客户端代码与不同产品进行交互。 你只需创建一个具体工厂类并将其传递给客户端代码即可。
如果你不清楚工厂、 工厂方法和抽象工厂模式之间的区别， 请参阅工厂模式比较。
复杂度：
流行度：
使用示例： 抽象工厂模式在 C++ 代码中很常见。 许多框架和程序库会将它作为扩展和自定义其标准组件的一种方式。
识别方法： 我们可以通过方法来识别该模式——其会返回一个工厂对象。 接下来， 工厂将被用于创建特定的子组件。
概念示例
本例说明了抽象工厂设计模式的结构并重点回答了下面的问题：
- 它由哪些类组成？
- 这些类扮演了哪些角色？
- 模式中的各个元素会以何种方式相互关联？
main.cc: 概念示例
/**
* Each distinct product of a product family should have a base interface. All
* variants of the product must implement this interface.
*/
class AbstractProductA {
public:
virtual ~AbstractProductA(){};
virtual std::string UsefulFunctionA() const = 0;
};
/**
* Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
*/
class ConcreteProductA1 : public AbstractProductA {
public:
std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
return "The result of the product A1.";
}
};
class ConcreteProductA2 : public AbstractProductA {
std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
return "The result of the product A2.";
}
};
/**
* Here's the the base interface of another product. All products can interact
* with each other, but proper interaction is possible only between products of
* the same concrete variant.
*/
class AbstractProductB {
/**
* Product B is able to do its own thing...
*/
public:
virtual ~AbstractProductB(){};
virtual std::string UsefulFunctionB() const = 0;
/**
* ...but it also can collaborate with the ProductA.
*
* The Abstract Factory makes sure that all products it creates are of the
* same variant and thus, compatible.
*/
virtual std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const = 0;
};
/**
* Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
*/
class ConcreteProductB1 : public AbstractProductB {
public:
std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
return "The result of the product B1.";
}
/**
* The variant, Product B1, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
* Product A1. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
* argument.
*/
std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
return "The result of the B1 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
}
};
class ConcreteProductB2 : public AbstractProductB {
public:
std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
return "The result of the product B2.";
}
/**
* The variant, Product B2, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
* Product A2. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
* argument.
*/
std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
return "The result of the B2 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
}
};
/**
* The Abstract Factory interface declares a set of methods that return
* different abstract products. These products are called a family and are
* related by a high-level theme or concept. Products of one family are usually
* able to collaborate among themselves. A family of products may have several
* variants, but the products of one variant are incompatible with products of
* another.
*/
class AbstractFactory {
public:
virtual AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const = 0;
virtual AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const = 0;
};
/**
* Concrete Factories produce a family of products that belong to a single
* variant. The factory guarantees that resulting products are compatible. Note
* that signatures of the Concrete Factory's methods return an abstract product,
* while inside the method a concrete product is instantiated.
*/
class ConcreteFactory1 : public AbstractFactory {
public:
AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
return new ConcreteProductA1();
}
AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
return new ConcreteProductB1();
}
};
/**
* Each Concrete Factory has a corresponding product variant.
*/
class ConcreteFactory2 : public AbstractFactory {
public:
AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
return new ConcreteProductA2();
}
AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
return new ConcreteProductB2();
}
};
/**
* The client code works with factories and products only through abstract
* types: AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct. This lets you pass any factory or
* product subclass to the client code without breaking it.
*/
void ClientCode(const AbstractFactory &factory) {
const AbstractProductA *product_a = factory.CreateProductA();
const AbstractProductB *product_b = factory.CreateProductB();
std::cout << product_b->UsefulFunctionB() << "\n";
std::cout << product_b->AnotherUsefulFunctionB(*product_a) << "\n";
delete product_a;
delete product_b;
}
int main() {
std::cout << "Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:\n";
ConcreteFactory1 *f1 = new ConcreteFactory1();
ClientCode(*f1);
delete f1;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:\n";
ConcreteFactory2 *f2 = new ConcreteFactory2();
ClientCode(*f2);
delete f2;
return 0;
}
Output.txt: 执行结果
Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:
The result of the product B1.
The result of the B1 collaborating with the (The result of the product A1.)
Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:
The result of the product B2.
The result of the B2 collaborating with the (The result of the product A2.)
